Nature and Characteristics of Urbanization

Urbanism the term used for patterns of cultural and social interaction which results from the concentration of large population in to relatively small area. Actually we find some definition of urbanization. This are-
 

According to Collins Dictionary of Sociology 

“The social processes and relationship which the cause and consequence of the urban rather than the rural way of life”

According to G. Hurdetol the historical of urbanization

1. Extending from of time when began to live towards up until 18th century.
2. The rapid growth in the size of cities confident upon the process of urbanization.

Characteristics of Urbanization
We find some characteristics of urbanization. These are

1. Setting boundaries on urban areas that means there have boundaries in urban area.
2. Saving open space.
3. Creating new town.
4. Environment education restore on damage area.
5. Community based solid waste management.

Nature of Urbanization in Developing Country
 

The world people could reach billion people by 2025. According to some estimates 4 millions of these urban dwellers will be the residents of cities in developing counties. Most of the mega cities more than 8 million residents in 2015 are located in the developing countries.
 

Manuel Castles refers to mega cities as one of the main features of third millennium urbanization. They are not defining it by their size but also by their connection point between enormous human population and global economy. According to Castle mega cities function as magnets for the counties or regions in which they are located.
Two factors in particular must be taken into account. First, rates of population growth or industrialized nation. Urban growth fueled by high fertility roles among people who already living in cities.
 

Second, there is the widespread in migration from rural to urban areas- people are drawn to cities because their traditional system of production has destroyed and urban areas provides job opportunities. Urbanization growth rate in developing country is 2.3%, in Dhaka 7% and in develop country 0.4%.

What is the Meaning and Characteristics of Primate City?

The Law of the Primate city was pronounced by Mark Jefferson (1939). According to him if a city in a country disproportionally larger than any other cities as like London is 7 times greater than Liverpool and Mexico City 5 times greater than Guadalahara based on his observation law stated that “A countries leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and felling.”
 

The Primate City is larger than any other city in the urban system and dominates all other cities not only in population size but also in its role as political, economic and social center of the country.
John and Turner

“The city which is more popular and dominant both economically and politically over rest of the cities in a particular country”

Law of Primate City
Factors that related to the Primate City

1. Agriculture Economy.
2. Export oriented trade.
3. Rapidly growing population.
4. Having colonial History.

Characteristics of Primate City

1. International familiarity for a political sub-division. 
2. Actively participate in international events. 
3. Having a fairly large population. 
4. Having a major international airport.
5. Advanced transportation system.
6. International culture and community. 
7. International financial institution.
8. A lively cultural seen. 
9. Having powerful media.
10. Storing sporting community.
11. Sports of international pilgrim.

Factors affecting Primate City

1. Small size of the county.
2. Colonial History.
3. Export orientation of the country.
4. Simple economy and political organization.
5. Duel economy.
6. Degree or level of primacy.

Remedies to Casteism

The following are some proposition about the solution of the problems arising out of casteism:

1. Proper Education: Proper education is the only way to solve the problem of casteism. Educational institution creates a space in which distinction of caste are not encourage. At the same time the children faces bad impact of this problem. Casteism can be destroyed only by the development of new psychological tendencies and behavioral patterns through increase of education.
2. Inter-caste Marriage:  Inter-caste marriage helps to decrease casteism. It also helps to the families to develop relation among there caste. In this way, the seed of casteism shall be unable to take root and even if it does, the resulting sapling will be so weak that it will subsequently be wiped out.
3. Lesser use of the Word Caste: One way of solving the problem of casteism is to make less frequent use of the word ‘caste’ so that there may be no traces of it left in the minds of the impressionable children and they should not be imbued with the idea of caste distinction. In this way, at least it will become possible to destroy the notion of casteism in the coming generations.
4. Cultural and Economic Equality: Another way of facing the problem of casteism is to introduce cultural and economic equality of the various castes. Discrimination in cultural and economic sector increase casteism.  Hence, the restoration of cultural and economic equality among various castes is an important step towards the abolition of casteism from the society.

Consequences of Casteism

On the one hand, casteism severs to further the interests of a small number of individuals but, on the other hand, it is risky for the nation. The most important consequences of casteism are given below:

1. Hindrance in the Development of Nationalism: Casteism hinders the growth and development of nationalism. On the one hand, casteism has divided Indian society into many parts while on the other hand, much tension and conflicts between these various parts have been created on the basis of casteism.
2. Hindrance of Democracy: Many of the professional leaders in the political field exploit casteism and at election time ask the people to vote for them on communal considerations. As a result the dishonest or corrupted people come into power and they do not consider the common interest of the people. 
3. Corruption: People inspired by the sense of casteism try to provide all kinds of facilities to people who belong to their own castes and in doing so they resort to all kinds of immoral and improper activities. In this way, extreme corruption in the society is increasing.
4. Hindrance in Technological Efficiency: Because the appointment to government and private services is done on the basis of caste, there seems to be a continuing increase in the number of inefficient and worthless people. On the other hand, the efficient and able individuals do not get the opportunity to find employment. Thus, a great obstacle is placed in the path of the nation’s industrial and technological advance.

Forms of Rural Aesthetic Culture

The relationship between the content and the form of art is organic one. It is comprised of the unity of its form and content, the content determining the form. 

The Indian rural aesthetic culture includes various regional rural cultures reflects different shades of style,  patterns and modes. To point out as example, we have such varied forms as Sorathas, Dohas, Chaupais, and Chhappas, Kirtans, Bhajans, Abhhngas, Pavadas, Deshies, Horis, Kajaris, Kawalis and others in the domain of poetry and song; Rasas, Garbas and others in the sphere of dance; and Bhaviais, Ramlilas, Tamasas and other in the field of dramas. Similarly the words of other rural arts also reveal a rich diversity of forms. The study of different forms of the art cultures of different regional rural communities will help us to distinguish them as distinct culture units. Further, since the agrarian life possesses certain common characteristics, though with local and regional variations, such a study will also reveal how basically the same life content has been variously handled in the sphere of art by different communities.”

There exist a substantial amount a specialization in the agrarian arts particularly cause the art is mixed with concrete activities like “sowing, reaping, harvesting and others or with such articles of utility as ornaments and earthen ware’. There is a thematic continuity, in art creations and the arts dealing with them are enriched from generation to generation. There exists ‘continuous improvements of agrarian arts, their forms, styles and patterns”.

The rural people in Indian have a ‘long and rich history of aesthetic culture’. History is full of description of the concerts and dramas of the rural life during the Maurya period and have been, as A.S.Altekar states, described as “Preksha,” by Chanakya and “Samaja” by Ashoka.