Definition of Educational Sociology

 The following definitions of educational sociology will make it easier to comprehend the nature, scope and importance of the subject:

According to Brown “Educational sociology is the study of the interaction of the individual and his cultural environment”. 

According to Carter “Educational sociology is the study of those phases of sociology that are of insignificance for educative processes, especially the study of those that point to valuable program of learning and control of learning processes”.

On the other hand, Ottoway says “Educational sociology starts with the assumption that education is an activity which goes on the society and the society in its turn determines the nature of education”

Value of the Sociology of Education

1. Stress on Professional or Vocational Education: The sociological tendency lays stress on enabling the child to earn his livelihood through professional education.
2. Opposition to Individualism: The sociological tendency was born out of reaction to individualism. It stresses the importance of society, as against the individual.
3. Social Progress as the Aim of Education: Social welfare is the aim ascribed to education by the sociological tendency. Children should be trained only for this through a system of free and compulsory education. This should make them responsible members of society.
4. Faith in Democracy: The sociological tendency also evinces faith in democracy. In a democracy, education is based on the cooperation between the state and society, and besides, the success of democracy depends upon the education of its members.
5. Clarification of Social Problems: The sociological tendency clarifies social problems and suggests ways and means of solving them through education. Many social reforms can be brought about by education, and it can create an entirely new generation which may be free of the defects inherent in the older generation.
6. Raising the Standard of Social Life: The sociological aim of education is to raise the standard of social life by achieving the child’s comprehensive development. Education must train the individual to fulfil his social responsibilities. It is fails to do this education cannot be said to have any utility.
7. Importance to Social Sciences: The presence of the sociological tendency in education has led to greater importance being attached to the social sciences, so that the child can understand social phenomena and problems, and thus be enabled to make some positive contribution to social welfare. 
8. Importance to Social life in the School: Social life within the school has been recognized as important because of the sociological tendency. It is now suggested that authorities should encourage the formation of committees which train the child for later social life.
9. Education as an Agency of Social Progress: According to sociologists, education is the best means of social control, social change and thus, finally, of social progress. All social changes that may become necessary for social progress can be easily brought about through education. Social control becomes a measure of self-control through education because education socializes the individual. 

Nature and Characteristics of Urbanization

Urbanism the term used for patterns of cultural and social interaction which results from the concentration of large population in to relatively small area. Actually we find some definition of urbanization. This are-
 

According to Collins Dictionary of Sociology 

“The social processes and relationship which the cause and consequence of the urban rather than the rural way of life”

According to G. Hurdetol the historical of urbanization

1. Extending from of time when began to live towards up until 18th century.
2. The rapid growth in the size of cities confident upon the process of urbanization.

Characteristics of Urbanization
We find some characteristics of urbanization. These are

1. Setting boundaries on urban areas that means there have boundaries in urban area.
2. Saving open space.
3. Creating new town.
4. Environment education restore on damage area.
5. Community based solid waste management.

Nature of Urbanization in Developing Country
 

The world people could reach billion people by 2025. According to some estimates 4 millions of these urban dwellers will be the residents of cities in developing counties. Most of the mega cities more than 8 million residents in 2015 are located in the developing countries.
 

Manuel Castles refers to mega cities as one of the main features of third millennium urbanization. They are not defining it by their size but also by their connection point between enormous human population and global economy. According to Castle mega cities function as magnets for the counties or regions in which they are located.
Two factors in particular must be taken into account. First, rates of population growth or industrialized nation. Urban growth fueled by high fertility roles among people who already living in cities.
 

Second, there is the widespread in migration from rural to urban areas- people are drawn to cities because their traditional system of production has destroyed and urban areas provides job opportunities. Urbanization growth rate in developing country is 2.3%, in Dhaka 7% and in develop country 0.4%.

What is the Meaning and Characteristics of Primate City?

The Law of the Primate city was pronounced by Mark Jefferson (1939). According to him if a city in a country disproportionally larger than any other cities as like London is 7 times greater than Liverpool and Mexico City 5 times greater than Guadalahara based on his observation law stated that “A countries leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and felling.”
 

The Primate City is larger than any other city in the urban system and dominates all other cities not only in population size but also in its role as political, economic and social center of the country.
John and Turner

“The city which is more popular and dominant both economically and politically over rest of the cities in a particular country”

Law of Primate City
Factors that related to the Primate City

1. Agriculture Economy.
2. Export oriented trade.
3. Rapidly growing population.
4. Having colonial History.

Characteristics of Primate City

1. International familiarity for a political sub-division. 
2. Actively participate in international events. 
3. Having a fairly large population. 
4. Having a major international airport.
5. Advanced transportation system.
6. International culture and community. 
7. International financial institution.
8. A lively cultural seen. 
9. Having powerful media.
10. Storing sporting community.
11. Sports of international pilgrim.

Factors affecting Primate City

1. Small size of the county.
2. Colonial History.
3. Export orientation of the country.
4. Simple economy and political organization.
5. Duel economy.
6. Degree or level of primacy.

Remedies to Casteism

The following are some proposition about the solution of the problems arising out of casteism:

1. Proper Education: Proper education is the only way to solve the problem of casteism. Educational institution creates a space in which distinction of caste are not encourage. At the same time the children faces bad impact of this problem. Casteism can be destroyed only by the development of new psychological tendencies and behavioral patterns through increase of education.
2. Inter-caste Marriage:  Inter-caste marriage helps to decrease casteism. It also helps to the families to develop relation among there caste. In this way, the seed of casteism shall be unable to take root and even if it does, the resulting sapling will be so weak that it will subsequently be wiped out.
3. Lesser use of the Word Caste: One way of solving the problem of casteism is to make less frequent use of the word ‘caste’ so that there may be no traces of it left in the minds of the impressionable children and they should not be imbued with the idea of caste distinction. In this way, at least it will become possible to destroy the notion of casteism in the coming generations.
4. Cultural and Economic Equality: Another way of facing the problem of casteism is to introduce cultural and economic equality of the various castes. Discrimination in cultural and economic sector increase casteism.  Hence, the restoration of cultural and economic equality among various castes is an important step towards the abolition of casteism from the society.

Consequences of Casteism

On the one hand, casteism severs to further the interests of a small number of individuals but, on the other hand, it is risky for the nation. The most important consequences of casteism are given below:

1. Hindrance in the Development of Nationalism: Casteism hinders the growth and development of nationalism. On the one hand, casteism has divided Indian society into many parts while on the other hand, much tension and conflicts between these various parts have been created on the basis of casteism.
2. Hindrance of Democracy: Many of the professional leaders in the political field exploit casteism and at election time ask the people to vote for them on communal considerations. As a result the dishonest or corrupted people come into power and they do not consider the common interest of the people. 
3. Corruption: People inspired by the sense of casteism try to provide all kinds of facilities to people who belong to their own castes and in doing so they resort to all kinds of immoral and improper activities. In this way, extreme corruption in the society is increasing.
4. Hindrance in Technological Efficiency: Because the appointment to government and private services is done on the basis of caste, there seems to be a continuing increase in the number of inefficient and worthless people. On the other hand, the efficient and able individuals do not get the opportunity to find employment. Thus, a great obstacle is placed in the path of the nation’s industrial and technological advance.