Difference between the Indian Rural community and the Western rural Community

The villages of the East and the west are the reflections of their respective cultural richness and depth. Besides the fact that the rural communities of the East and West agrarian, there are marked difference between them.

Considerable differences in the life of Indian villages and the Western village are found. The geographic factor, is the most important factor in determining the nature and structure of the villages, the nature and structure of villages. A comparative study of the village life in Indian and the West, will bring the elements of differences between the two. This type of study will also reveal the elements, conditions or factors affecting the Rural Dynamics.

The study of Oscar Lewis In his famous book, Village Life in Northern India, he produced a comparative study of an Indian village Ramkhera, near Delhi, with a Mexican village of Tepoztlan.

Lewis found that the differences are more vital than similarities between the two villages. A review of Lewis’s findings makes abundantly clear the differences that exist between Indian and Western villages.

1. Village of Tepoztlan: Tepoztlan is situated 60 miles south of Mexico city, the capital of Maxico inhibited by a population of 3500. This village was established about 2000 years ago. People of Tepoztlan are catholic Christians.
2. Village of Ramkhera: Village Ramkhera is 15 miles from Delhi and has a population of 1100. The people of this village are mostly Hindus.
3. The comparative study: The villagers of Ramkhera speak Hindi, but Tepoztlan speak two languages. A Jat King had conquered Ramkhera, about 750 years ago and since then it is a Jat dominated village.

A. Similarities 

1. Both Ramkhera and Tepoztlan are present societies as majority of the people of both villages are agriculturists.
2. Both villages are connected with the state through the district and are governed by the laws of the land.
3. Both villages have civilized societies.
4. Both the villages are connected and influences by the neighboring villages.
5. In both the villages, traditional agricultural implement are used.
6. Since, both villages are agriculturists so they live off farm produce and dairy products.
7. Both villages have high rates of illiteracy and infant mortality and low standard of living.
8. In both the villages the goods are frequently exchanged and medium of exchanged in the currency.
9. In both villages, there exists a mixed feeling of well and all disposition towards the government. Because both villages have suffered a long spell of foreign domination and rule. 

B. Differences 

1. Structural Differences: Ramkhera is not built according to a plan. Tepoztlan, on the other hand is built to a plan. It has orderly layout and its streets cross each other at right angles and are broad and well laid. The village has one central church, its own market, official building and a public park. While Ramkhera housing is disorderly. The streets are narrow and many of them are blind alleys. The houses in the Indian village are ‘hurdled together’ and have poor ventilation. The houses in Ramkhera are not spacious so there is not enough space to live in. But, the houses in Tepoztlan are well ventilated spacious. In Ramkhera, man and animals usually sleep under the same roof, but in Tepoztlan, there is a small garden in front of each house where cattle are kept. There is no housing problem in Tepoztlan, as it is in Ramkhera. Like all villages in West, the quarters for male and female are not separate in Tepoztlan but mixed, whereas in Ramkhera these are separate. 
2. Difference in the Methods of Agriculture: As stated befor, agriculture is the main profession in the two villages. However, agriculture is more intensive in Ramkhera than in Tepoztlan, where about 90% of area is used for agriculture. On the other hand, only 15% of the area of Tepoztlan is employed for agriculture. In Ramkhera more than one crop is taken per year, in Tepoztlan only one crop is sown in a year, due to poor irrigation facilities. It is difficult to generalize the difference in the irrigation facilities. However, in general the irrigation facilities in West are, on the whole, far better than in India; Tepoztlan is an exception to this general characteristic.
3. Land Differentials: the topographical variations between Tepoztlan and Ramkhera are good representative to the difference between Western and Eastern villages pertaining to land. Nearby Tepoztlan there exist green pastures and forests, but there is no green pasture or any jungle near Ramkhera, this reflects the problem of the shortage of fire wood and explains the reason for cow dung being used for fuel purposes instead of manure.
4. Ownership of Land: In both the villages we find both kinds of land private as well as public. But contrary to Ramkhera in Tepoztlan every individual has equal right over the public land one is free to use it. Whereas in Ramkhera, certain castes are prohibited from the use of public land. While around 80% of the total land in Tepoztlan in public only 7% of the land in Ramkhera is public. Because of these factors, about80% of Indian population is engaged in agriculture in comparison to only 15% of the Western population. That is why each agriculturist in the West has large holdings. In both the villages, there are disputes over public land.
5. Professional Differences: About 90% of Tepoztlan families are occupied in agriculture, whereas in Ramkhera it is 53%. In Ramkhera there are washer man, barbers, potters etc. like any other Indian village. The number of landless laborers is higher in Indian in comparison to West. 
6. Animal Husbandry: In West cattle breeding is for the purposes of food, whereas in Indian, on account of religious beliefs, animals are not bred for feeding. In fact meat is consumed in Indian but lesser than the West. In India, the number of livestock is relatively very high but their condition is very poor in comparison to the western villages.
7. Social Structure: There are striking differences between the Western and the Indian cultures. For instance in Indian villages, blood relationship has a very crucial role. A number of families in a village are closely linked by blood relationship. Whereas, western social structure is based on class structure. Indian village society is based on caste structure which is determined by birth, but in western village no social class stratification is found. There exist less economic and social differences among various classes in the Western villages. The evil of untouchability is peculiar in rural Indian and it does not exist in West.
8. Social Stratification: There is no caste system in western villages, and the relationship among villagers is cordial with a high sense of community feeling but the relations among individuals are becoming more and more impersonal. On the other hand in spite of castism the relations among villagers in Indian are still personal and intimate. But the Western society is not wholly class, where classes are formed on regional, religious and cultural bases, but the peculiar feature of castism like restrictions of marriage, sharing of food and mixing up on festivals etc. are absent in the Western Society.
9. Familial Differences: In West we find small family units and nearly no joint family system in West. On the other hand, joint families in Indian are common where a family not only consists of husband and wife but includes parents and brothers of the husband and sometimes includes uncles and aunts.

Besides above noted similarities and differences, there exist the differences between Indian rural structure and the Western structure. Some of the notable fields of difference are given below: 

• Differences in the communal feeling and organization of villages.
• Differences in political conditions and village leadership.
• Differences in the inter-village relations.
• Differences in social dynamics.

Types of Sanskaras

The concept of Sanskaras is yet another unique contribution of Indian philosophy to mankind. It enjoys a dominant place in the Hindu Though. Manu maintained that Sanskaras purify the body. In its literal sense, ‘Sanskara’ means to purify, which starts from Garbhadhana and ends with the last Sanskara i.e. Antheshti.

A Sanskara begins with a havan or yajna in the prescribed manner. There is a divergence of opinion as far as the number of Sanskaras is connected. For example, Gautam Dharma Sutra prescribed 48 Sanskara while some other Sutra outlined only 10 Sanskara. Briefly discussed below, are the eight main Sanskaras.

1. Garbhadhana Sanskara: The Sanskara of human life begins from Garbhadhana. After marriage, the married couple promises before the sacred fire to lead a love-showered life and offer prayers to Lord Vishnu, Sinivali, Ashwinan Agni, and Indra to bless them with the most innocent but powerful children so that they might be able to follow the Dharma. The couple also makes sacrifices to the fire. Thus the Garbhadhana Sanskara is performed with this pure sacred feeling. This all is done for the child that is going to appear in the womb of the woman (mother).
2. Punsavana Sankara: This Sanskara occurs when the wife’s pregnancy reaches its third month. The object of this Sanskara is to get a powerful son as well as the safety and health of the embryo. The prayer is addressed to God to protect the pregnancy. The woman is told to desire a powerful son.
3. Jatakarma Sanskara: This Sanskara is done to create the proper atmosphere suited to the versatile development of the child when he is born and also to reckon parents of their responsibility towards the character building to the child. The Sanskara is performed with the child is born. The father touches the child and whispers some mantras into his ears wishing him to be an intelligent and long life. After it, with a pen of gold, OM is inscribed on the child’s tongue. In essence object of this Sanskara is to remind the parents of their duty towards their child.
4. Namakarna Sanskara: The Namakarna Sanskara is performed when the child becomes ten or twelve days. The child is given his name. On this, Manu feels that the Namakarna should be according to the Varna and ideals.
5. Upanayama: At the beginning of the eighth year of a child’s life, Upanayana Sanskara is performed. The child remains with the ‘Guru’ for undergoing study. The aim of Upanayana Sanskara is to establish a close relationship between the child and teacher to the maximum possible extent. The child is awarded a sacred thread to wear around his neck and taught the principles of Brahamc haya.
6. Samavaratana Sanskara: After finishing his studies and observing all the rules of Brahmacharya, the child, now a Youngman returns to the family told and undergoes the rituals of the Samavaratana Sanskara. At this stage, he is shared for the first time in his life and is permitted to lead a normal domestic life together with other members of his family.
7. Vivaha Sanskara: Vivaha Sanskara signifies man’s entrance in the Grashtha Ashrama. This is the vital stage of socialization for a man and at this stage, he avows to engage in reproduction as his contribution to the furtherance of his race. There occurs a chain of rituals during the performance of Vivaha Sanskara which highlights the importance of wed-lock. This Ashrama continues till he attains his fiftieth year and after that, at 75 years of age he undergoes Vanaprastha Ashrama under the fourfold ashrama system, and the last days of his life are spent in the Sanyasa Ashrama till he breaths his last.
8. Antyeshti Sanskara: When a person dies, the last Sanskara i.e. Antyeshti Sanskara is performed. Tradition is followed and the dead body is burnt on the wooden pyre. Mantras are chanted and ghee beside holy water is sprinkled on the pyre. The eldest son or the eldest male heir of the deceased performs the last rites.

Cultural Significance of Festivals

Festivals hold a vital place in the life of rural people. They spread color in their life and keep them alive to their traditions, festivals remain the people of their high traditions and values.

1. Religious Importance: Festivals have religious importance and they are closely related to religious practices. Different Gods and Goddesses and worshiped on the occasion of different festivals.
2. Social Importance: Festivals provide occasions on which people belonging to different castes meet together and exchange their views. In this way, festivals contribute to social harmony and progress. All the differences are settled when the people exchange sweets and embrace each other.
3. Recreational Importance: Festivals provide a series of recreation to the villages, various cultural activities like dance, drama, music, wrestling, etc., and are organized at several festivals. Dramatic societies provide enough programs on the occasion of Dushehra and other festivals.
4. Artistic Importance: Grandeur is an inseparable part of the village festivals. Many kinds of decoration are done on the occasion of Janam Ashtmi and other festivals. Temples become a place of artistic importance.

Thus festivals provide natural enjoyment of religious events that are celebrated on the occasion of so many festivals are an integral part of rural life and the condition of village life without festivals is beyond imagination. Festivals bring social unity as well as a boon to the poor people who get rewards from the rich for such festive occasions.

Leading Festival of Rural India

As stated earlier, all the festivals are not celebrated throughout rural India. But most of the leading festivals are celebrated with equal enthusiasm throughout the rural part of the country.

Given below the description of some of the leading festivals of Rural India

1. Sakat: Sakat festival is celebrated to guard the villagers against various catastrophes. Mother of male children offer their prayers to Sakat Maharani to protect their children from all the evils and on the evening of the festival day the Sakat Maharani is worshipped and members of the family are served fried food on the day of this festival. Women abstain from food of this day.
2. Makar Sankranti: Makar Sankranti is celebrated every year on the 14th day of January and on this day everyone rises early in the morning and take bath mostly in the river and especially in the Ganges. Special food is prepared on these days and Brahmins are offered rice pudding, ghee, and salt. Lower caste people take rice pudding collectively.
3. Basant Panchimi: It is the Fifth (Panchami) day of Basant when this festival is celebrated. Prayers are offered to the family of God or Lord Shiva on this day. In some of the villages, villagers wear yellow clothes. But this tradition is not universal.
4. Assari: Assari festival is celebrated in the month of assar. Fried food and fruit are the food taken by the higher caste people. Whereas lower caste people take vegetables and other roots. Assari is the festival of women Cow dung lines are drawn on the walls with the belief that it makes the place immune, from an invasion of a snake. Women visit their parent’s residents and children get their heads shaved on this day.
5. Raksha Bandhan: Raksha Bandhan is celebrated by all Hindus throughout the country. On this day colorful Rakhis are tied on the right wrist of brothers by their sisters and offer some sweets and sisters are given some money in exchange. Rakhi is the symbol of the vow that the brother takes to protect his sister from all the difficulties. This festival is also celebrated by the people of lower castes.
6. Naag Panchmi: On this festival, Snake God is worshipped and it falls on the fifth day of saavan. Presents are given to married girls by their parents. Most people take fried food on this day. Many cultural activities like wrestling competitions are organized on this day.
7. Janam Asjtmi: It is believed that Lord Krishna was born on this day at midnight which falls on the eighth day of the month Bhadou. Men and women go on fast till midnight and temples are decorated to depict the happenings of Krishan’s Birth Day. The celebration of Janam Ashtmi is one of the most colorful events of Indian cultural life.
8. Holi: Holi is a kind of Hindu festival. Falling on the day of the full moon in the month of Phalgun, village boys roam in the village and collect wood at a particular place where this is to be lighting the fire and on this occasion, villagers collect together to watch the ceremony. In the evening women worship the place of bone fire. The following day is called Dhulandi on this day colors are exchanged and villagers also sing folk songs. The activities of colors are exchanged and villagers also sing folk songs. The activity of color throwing stopped at noon.
9. Shiva Ratri: Phalgun is the month in which shiva Ratri is celebrated. On this day exclusively Lord Shiva is worshipped and flowers of nature and other materials are put about the idea of Shiva. Generally, people observe fast on the day. Some people take bath in the holly river the Ganges on this day.
10. Worship of Jagannath: The idol of Jagannath has been established in the famous temple in Puri. This festival is also celebrated in most villages. Villagers believe that the worship of Jagannath leads to prosperity. People undertake a pilgrimage to puri and there they offer their prayer. Homes are cleaned properly and fried food is prepared on this day.
11. Dushehra of Jaith: On the day of this festival that falls in the months of Jaith, water is offered to Mahadeva but where the lower caste people are concerned, they offer water at the perfumed residence of the deity.
12. Teej: This festival is celebrated in some parts of the country mainly by women both married and unmarried and only fried food is taken on this day.
13. Vijay Dashmi: Vijoy Dashmi, popularly known as Dushera is one of the greatest festivals of the Hindus, like Holi and Deewali. It is believed that on this day Rama conquered, the Ravana and this established the victory of good over evil. Rama Lila is staged in the villages long before the actual day and the festival is celebrated with remarkable pomp and show. Big effigies of Ravana Kumkharana and Meghanatha are erected and at the appointed day and time on the Dushehra day, they are ablaze with fire. There is great enthusiasm, especially among the villagers on this day.
14. Diwali: Diwali is also, one of the most important festivals of Hinduism. On this day is believed that Rama returned to Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile. The houses are decorated with earthen pots made as lamps and it looks very beautiful in the evening when they are lit. Sweets are exchanged between friends and relatives.

Besides these, other important festivals are Pitra Paksh, Karva Choath Kartiks Poorniman

Meaning and Characteristics of Aesthetic Culture

Meaning 

Aesthetic culture is an integral part of the total culture of a society. It expresses the ideas, aspirations, dreams, values, and attitudes of its people. It is assumed that the aesthetic culture of the rural society helps the historical movement of old types and the emergence of a new life for the rural people. Rural sociology to understand the movement of the rural society itself as it progressed from its part shape to its present one. It will also disclose the changes in the psychological structures of the rural people and their subgroups.

Characteristics of Aesthetic Culture of Rural Society 

According to leading sociologists, the following principal arts constitute the aesthetic culture of rural society.

1. Graphic Arts like painting, drawing, engraving, and so on.
2. Plastic Arts involve the manipulation of materials.
3. Folklore comprised proverbs, myths, riddles, and music.
4. Dance and drama combine the three forms mentioned above.

Chief Characteristics of Aesthetic Culture in Subsistence Societies

Herskovief, Sorokin, Limmerman, and Galpina have given various specific characteristics of the aesthetic culture of the rural people. The following are the most important among them:

1. Art Was Fused with Life: In the opinion of Sorokin, “The arts were not sharply differentiated from religion, intellectual pursuit, and magic. Aesthetic elements entered practically all daily occupations.”
2. Every person took part in artistic activities: Present day society where the people are divided into artistic performing and the audience. In the earlier society all people such as men, children women participated in artistic activities. Then a little number of artists existed in that society. 
3. Art was a Feminist Affair: In the early societies the life of the rural people ‘had a feminist character. As a result this rural art, which was fused with the life of the rural people, also bore the impression of feminism. 
4. Simple Techniques: Rural art was the goods of the village artisan industry and the family itself often made some of these at home. This aspect is in sharp contrast to the instruments of modern art which are the products of specialized modern industries and are therefore complex, highly specialized, varied, and multiform.
5. Agrarian life processes the main constituent: Art was fused with life.  It depicted the life of the rural people in various aspects, economic, social, and religious. Agricultural characteristics are most clearly manifest in songs, music, dances, stories, literature, pantomimes, festivals, dramatic performances, and similar forms of the arts. 
6. Art creations were predominantly collective creations, collective in spirit: Rural people collectively perform on various programs such as drams, Jatra, etc. on the other hand urban people perform individually. 
7. Non-commercial: Self-sufficient economy has existed in rural society. They produce for only their consumption not for the market. The thinkers and artists used their artistic products only for their own consumption.
8. Transmission from generation to generation: In the early or pre-modern societies there were no printing presses and there did not any schools or academies. Then the younger learn from the elder about art and knowledge. In this way, art and knowledge are transferred to the younger.